European Immunology

Microbiome–Immune Axis & Host Interaction Pathways

The microbiome profoundly shapes immune system development, maturation and response to diseases. Disruptions in microbial composition influence inflammation, infection susceptibility, autoimmunity and metabolic health. Modern techniques such as multi-omics sequencing, metabolomics and microbial culturomics are revealing complex interactions between microbial metabolites, immune receptors and host signaling pathways. Therapeutic innovations include engineered probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation refinements, postbiotic therapies and microbiome-targeted immunomodulators. Understanding these interactions supports advances in cancer immunotherapy responsiveness, allergy prevention and chronic inflammatory disease management. The microbiome–immune axis represents a transformative field for developing personalized, biologically grounded therapies.