European Immunology

Autoimmunity Mechanisms & Precision Immunoregulation

Autoimmune diseases arise from complex interactions between genetic predisposition, environmental triggers and immune dysregulation. Modern immunology is uncovering the mechanistic roots of autoimmunity through detailed mapping of autoreactive T cells, B cells, cytokine networks and antigen-presenting cell dysfunction. Precision immunoregulation focuses on restoring immune tolerance without broad immunosuppression. Novel approaches include antigen-specific therapies, tolerogenic dendritic cell models, engineered regulatory T cells, B-cell depletion refinement and checkpoint-based modulation. Advances in genomics, proteomics and immune repertoire sequencing are enabling personalized treatment strategies based on individual molecular signatures. Therapies targeting epigenetic regulation, metabolic pathways and microbial influences are expanding options for refractory conditions such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. This field is moving toward highly selective interventions that correct immune malfunction while preserving protective immunity, advancing therapies that are safer, more effective and tailored to each patient's immunological profile.